In Her book Crossing the Border, A Free Black Community in Canada, Sharon A. Roger Hepburn said there were "several" biracial couples in Buxton by 1861. Charles and Hester Meehan grew up and married in Buxton, a place with a high tolerance for mixed marriages.
Hepburn contrasts Buxton to Chatham when, in 1860, Reverend Thomas Pinckney, a black man, married Elizabeth King, a white woman. The reaction of Chatham's white citizens was so negative Rev. Pinckney and his wife were forced to resign from their missionary positions and flee the area.
Chatham was a mere fifteen miles southeast of Buxton. In 1857, Rev. R.R. Disney dubbed it "the colored man's Paris." Though many white residents welcomed black people fleeing enslavement, their line in the sand appears to have been "amalgamation." Marriages accepted in Buxton were scorned in Chatham.
Canada did not ban Interracial marriages, but everyone did not fully embrace them. When Charles and Hester married in 1875, white attitudes had not changed. By 1884, Charles worked as a stave maker. Area directories for that period suggest he may have worked at a factory in Chatham. One morning during that year, Charles was not well. It was payday, so he asked Hester to go to his job to retrieve his pay. Unfortunately for Hester, the trip turned violent when someone accosted her. Family lore does not reference injuries she may have sustained.
Whatever happened to Hester was race-based and serious enough that the Meehans were determined to leave their Canadian homeland and follow their lifelong friends and neighbors to Nebraska, where interracial marriage was against the law and punishable by a fine, time in prison, or both.
I often wonder if the paycheck incident gave birth to an audacious plan to hide in plain sight among the community of Canadians as they settled in their Nebraska home.
Harry Meehan, the third child of Charles and Hester, was a four-year-old toddler when the family left Canada for Nebraska. He grew to manhood in Overton and traveled to Cherry County in 1905 with the family. He soon left Cherry County to find work elsewhere, but he often communicated with his family, including his younger brother, Bill.
In 1909-10, my Uncle Harry Meehan was twenty-nine and working in Grand Island. His youngest brother, Bill, was twelve and still lived at home in DeWitty. Harry sent postcards to Bill. The words conveyed everyday messages about neighbors Albert Riley and “Bill” Crawford, dogs or the lack thereof, and plans to be home again. The postcards were simple but told of the love shared between a much older and considerably younger brother.
Three of Harry’s postcards to Dad have survived. Viewing them now, my focus is drawn not to the brotherly greeting on the back but to the images on the front. Juxtaposing the middle picture (above) against the bookend, velvet cowboys adorning the other two cards, I wonder if Harry was sending another message to Bill.
The white cowboys are decked out in red, white, and blue. Shirts of red velvet cover their hearts while rearing horses, and a six-shooter proclaims their domination of all they see. They command their world. One hundred years later, the red velvet is as plush and rich as the day the cards were mailed.
The third card, copyrighted in 1909, starkly contrasts the other two. It is a black-and-white card with shades of gray. It portrays a barefoot and ragged black man being kicked by a frightened, starving mule. The attack is witnessed by a blackbird sitting in a barren tree surrounded by trash and … a fence. Is that red, white, and blue cowboy on the other side of the wall? Near the tree, there is a hole in the fence. Perhaps the man is being kicked because he dared peer through the hole and dream … or he is just being kicked.
The caption warns that there is only “One Strike.” A century has passed, and the imagery of racism and Jim Crow America is as vivid today as the red velvet cowboy shirts.
Was Harry sending life messages to his little brother about the world? Perhaps the cards were the only ones available; a choice made my chance. But maybe the cards were intentionally chosen. Perhaps the images they portrayed sparked thoughts embedded in a mind molded by the duplicitous life so many people of African descent in America live(d).
This message decries the disparity between the lives of blacks and whites. Was it a warning to a young brother about what he should expect in and from the world? We will never know how Harry chose the postcards. Still, he likely recognized that life in early-1900s Nebraska wasn’t the racial utopia often associated with the early African-descended homesteaders. I have also wondered if, at least subconsciously, Harry saw these images as the inheritance from his parents – one black and one white.
During the 1920s-1930, William Meehan, the youngest son of Charles and Hester, was a member of the Oak Park Debate and Public Speaking Club. The Club promoted free speech and condemned intolerance. William took the affirmative in a debate about repealing laws against interracial marriage.
The majority of people believe that if any certain thing is undesirable, any law prohibiting it is right and just. But that is not always the case when we consider the facts.
Prominent among such laws is the law in force in many states prohibiting racial intermarriage.
It is true that marriage is a hazardous undertaking at best, and that mixed marriages add greatly to these hazards. Therefore, there is a grave doubt that the majority of them work out satisfactorily. Yet laws forbidding such marriages only complicate the problem. They area symbol of bigotry, intolerance and prejudice. They are the antithesis of democracy. They add to interracial relations the glamor of the unattainable.
Most people believe that these laws preserve racial purity and prevent'amalgamation. The facts give the lie to this contention. Affection cannotbe regulated by decree. Such things must be regulated by individual reason if we are to be and remain a free people. Actually, these laws are the cloak under which miscegenation flourishes and the bed upon which il legitimates are spawned.
For more than 300 years, we have had laws forbidding amalgamation. Yet so rapid has been the mixture that today 80%, or approximately 10 million American Negroes, have traceable white blood in their veins. The lawmakers themselves have been the worst offenders, as is evidenced by the fact that 90% of first-generation mulatto children are born of Negro mothers. The law has also failed dismally to keep the white race pure. If every visible Negro in America were deported tomorrow, there would still be rivers of Negro blood in American veins. More than 10,000 nearly white persons with Negro blood are absorbed by the white race every year. Among those who have received the tinge were Alexander Hamilton, and, it is declared upon good authority, Sears of Sears Roebuck; and Warren G. Harding. Many others are known to Negroes. More than 5,000,000 white Negroes are included in the white population of America.
This law is not in accord with the spirit of the Constitution, as it forbids freedom of choice of mate. It establishes caste and is the first step toward forbidding Italian to marry Jew or Irish to marry Swede. It is plainly a manifestation of racial arrogance and Hitler Nazism.
It undermines our prestige in foreign countries where we preach democracy and the abolition of caste. Those people are well aware that we preserve caste at home by a law forbidding citizen to marry citizen because of race. That paradox makes us appear ridiculous and brands us as insincere and flagrantly hypocritical.
This law protects the licentious who desire to sow wild oats in black soil and at the same time be legally absolved of all responsibility to harvest the crop. These men would hesitate before sowing if this law did not protect them from giving mother and child a name and support.
The Negro male who indulges in interracial relations is not immune to responsibility for his acts. He is always subject to reprisal and often the mob.
The white male is immune while the Negro mother must bear 100% of the burden of rearing the offspring, although only 50% guilty. This is putrid sportsmanship and is not in harmony with the American spirit of fair play. Moreover, it is contrary to the Golden Rule. Thus, it seems that the law succeeds only in the mongrelization of the Negro. That it has never prevented miscegenation is attested by the large number of mulattoes who began to appear almost as soon as the first female slaves arrived on our shores.
Many believe that to repeal the law would result in wholesale mixed marriages. Do we have such little faith in our ideals and in our ability to instill them into our children that we fear to grant them freedom of affection? Do white men fear that their sons would be unable to resist the charms of a sun-kissed American female? Do they fear that their daughters will rush to the shelter of dusky arms? There can be no other conclusion.
Surely the white people of America have more pride of race than that. If they have not, they have nothing that is desirable to perpetuate in its purity. In any event, the law for them is wholly superfluous.
Negroes who fear the repeal of the law are unduly alarmed. If they fear that their dusky sons would be accepted in marriage by any white girl they might choose; they are sadly mistaken. The fact of the matter is that they would not meet any more white girls socially than they do now. If these same parents fear that every white man is a Romeo who will court their ebony daughter with matrimonial intent, they would be disillusioned.
As a rule, white boys would continue to marry white girls, and Negro boys to marry Negro girls, despite parental fears. And if the American Negro has no greater faith and pride than that in the contribution of Africa's children to our way of life, no greater respect for the toil and blood of their ancestors, whose callused hands helped build America, and whose blood was shed to make and keep her free; then they do not deserve to keep their identity, but deserve to become only a memory in America.
Repeal of the law would not require anyone to marry outside of his or her race, so why fear a hazard no one is required to take.
Repeal of the law would not entirely eliminate illegitimate mulattoes any more than illegitimate whites and blacks are eliminated at present. But it would cut the number to a minimum.
Let us not for a moment suppose that repeal of the law would lead to wholesale marriages between the races. Let us take for example the state of Iowa. Mixed marriages are legal there. Yet there has been no epidemic of mixed marriages in that state. In fact, many of the mixed marriages performed there have been persons who came from states that forbid such unions.
It might be argued that if they could not have married in Iowa they would not have married at all. That may be true, but they would have mixed just the same. Any mixed couple that has counted the cost and find their affection great enough to go to another state to marry, will certainly mix without benefit of clergy if no legal marriage can be consummated. Is not a legal marriage to be preferred to fornication?
God made different races and he must have wanted them that way. But there is positive scriptural proof that he did not want any interference with individuals who wished to enter into mixed marriages (Numbers 12:9-10). The wrath of God was stirred because of opposition to individual free choice because of race. I would not presume to dare to champion that which God condemned.
Moses married an Ethiopian woman; yet neither the Jews nor the Ethiopians lost their identity because of it. Why should either black or white in America fear loss of identity?
Thus, when we examine the facts, it is evident that the law forbidding the intermarriage of races is one of the most pernicious on the statute books of many of our states. It is contrary to the spirit of the Constitution. It is a law of caste and fascism that destroys our influence for democracy.
It has failed completely to prevent miscegenation. It has failed to keep any race pure. It protects the licentious. It is a prolific breeder of fornication and illegitimate children. It is contrary to the expressed will of God as recorded in the scripture.
Therefore, the law should be repealed.
"Indeed, ... the core issue of passing is not becoming what you pass for, but losing what you pass away from." Allyson Hobbs, A Chosen Exile
Family members relate the story of Hester Freeman Meehan being asked not to attend her daughter's wedding in 1906, presumably because her presence would have revealed that the marriage was "interracial." Later, Meehan family members visiting relatives from white cultures entered their homes through the back door. Some family members lived duel lives -- black in their neighborhoods and social encounters but white when on their jobs.
“I do like Illinois very much but I also like Michigan. Fine as Illinois is, it is a difficult place for a mulatto. One has to be white to get the best chances just as anywhere else. But the next chances belong to real dark people. The mulatto is last unless he wants to treat both dark and white as though they were a little better. I won’t do that as I think all men are equal.
You see honey thousands here both black and white are recently from the south. Their numbers give them control, and that is the way they feel. There may be groups like that in Detroit but I noticed that mainly colored people were just colored people there and mulattoes were not frozen out.”
Mulatto and Black are used to designate Bill's race in birth, census, and other records. But when he worked as a chauffeur, he was white. In a world dictated by race and color, several children of Charles and Hester Meehan existed in an "in-between" world.
Death certificates for Charles and Hester Freeman Meehan held one final conflicting bit of misinformation regarding color and race.
Hester was classified as "white" and changed to "black." Charles was classified as "brown" but changed to "black." Ireland is listed as the birthplace of both of his parents.
DNA analysis provides a more accurate picture of their lineage - see DNA Stories on this website for more information.
Decades later, their love survived and lingered with their descendants.
"The use of race to inform clinical diagnoses and decision making may reinforce disproven notions of race as a biological construct and contribute to ongoing racial disparities in health and health care." Michelle Tong and Samantha Artiga
Healthcare is a fundamental human right. Unfortunately, disparity in healthcare is baked into the system. The article linked below is one of many on the role of race in healthcare.
2016 THE DESCENDANTS OF
CHARLES AND HESTER MEEHAN
Charles Waddell Chesnutt, born in 1858, and Ocsar Micheaux, born in 1884, were American authors and filmmakers whose stories tackled race, politics, and social identity issues.
Charles Chesnutt was a teacher, lawyer, and author who wrote extensively about race.
Oscar Micheaux was a pioneering black filmmaker and South Dakota homesteader.
The House Behind the Cedars, published in 1900, was Charles W. Chesnutt's first published novel. It is a story about love, race, and identity in post-civil war America. In 1927, Oscar Micheaux adapted it into a silent film that the Virginia Censorship Board banned. Veiled Aristocrats was Mr. Micheaux's 1932 remake of the film.
Read the story of Oscar Micheaux as a South Dakota Homesteader at the National Park Service website.
https://www.nps.gov/people/oscar-micheaux.htm
Christine Jacobsen writes about discovering at age 65 that she is mixed race. Her book is available through Amazon.
Link here to her thought-provoking interview with Dr. Trish Varner.
These articles include links to subjects such as Placage, Slave Breeding, Enslaved Women's Resistance, and several other topics.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation
All Mixed Up: What Do We Call People Of Multiple Backgrounds?, npr's Code Sw!tch, August 25, 2016
One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life -- A Story of Race and Family Secrets by Bliss Broyard
NPR article and commentary on the book, Passing Strange by Martha A. Sandweiss.
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129250977
A Peculiarly American Racial Tradition Approaches Irrelevance, contributed by Robert Fikes, December 30, 2014.
by Michele Norris
creator of The Race Card Project
" Skin fractured our kinship."
June Cross
The following link is to a 2011 Moth presentation by June Cross.
http://themoth.org/stories/secret-daughter"
A Novel by Nella Larson
April 1929
By F. James Davis
November 2001
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/onedrop.html
Colorization
One Hundred Years Of Black Films In A White World
By Wil Haygood
October 2021
Supreme Court rejects anit-interracial marriage laws
https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/today-in-supreme-court-history-loving-v-virginia